Edward I “Longshanks” PlantagenetAge: 68 years12391307

Name
Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet
Given names
Edward I "Longshanks"
Surname
Plantagenet
Name suffix
King Of England
Birth 1239 32 22
Birth of a sisterMargaret
September 29, 1240 (Age 20 months)
Birth of a sisterBeatrice
June 25, 1242 (Age 3 years)
Birth of a brotherEdmund Crouchback Of_leicester Crouchback
January 16, 1245 (Age 6 years)
Death of a maternal grandfatherRaymond De Berenger Berengai
August 19, 1245 (Age 6 years)
Death of a paternal grandmotherIsabel Of Angouleme De Taillefer
1246 (Age 7 years)
Birth of a brotherRichard
about 1247 (Age 8 years)

Birth of a brotherJohn
about 1250 (Age 11 years)

Birth of a sisterKatherine
November 25, 1253 (Age 14 years)
MarriageEleanor Of CastileView this family
October 1254 (Age 15 years)
Death of a brotherRichard
before 1256 (Age 17 years)

Death of a brotherJohn
before 1256 (Age 17 years)

MarriageMargaret Of France View this family
1256 (Age 17 years)
Birth of a brotherWilliam
about 1256 (Age 17 years)

Death of a brotherWilliam
about 1256 (Age 17 years)

Birth of a brotherHenry
after 1256 (Age 17 years)

Death of a sisterKatherine
May 3, 1257 (Age 18 years)
Death of a brotherHenry
about 1257 (Age 18 years)

Birth of a daughter
#1
Joan Plantagenet
1260 (Age 21 years)

Birth of a son
#2
Thomas De Brotherton
1260 (Age 21 years)

Birth of a daughter
#3
Eleanor
June 17, 1264 (Age 25 years)
Birth of a son
#4
John Botetourt
about 1265 (Age 26 years)

Birth of a son
#5
John
July 10, 1266 (Age 27 years)
Death of a brotherEdmund Plantagenet
1266 (Age 27 years)

Death of a maternal grandmotherBeatrice Of Savoy
December 1266 (Age 27 years)
Birth of a son
#6
Henry
July 13, 1267 (Age 28 years)
Birth of a daughter
#7
Julian (Katherine)
1271 (Age 32 years)
Marriage of a childRalph Earl Of Gloucester Joan PlantagenetView this family
1271 (Age 32 years)

Death of a sonJohn
August 3, 1271 (Age 32 years)
Death of a daughterJulian (Katherine)
1271 (Age 32 years)
Birth of a daughter
#8
Joan Plantagenet, Countess Of Glochester
1272 (Age 33 years)
Death of a fatherHenry III Plantagenet
1272 (Age 33 years)
Shared note: Death Surety:2
Birth of a son
#9
Alfonso
November 24, 1273 (Age 34 years)
Death of a sonHenry
October 14, 1274 (Age 35 years)
Death of a sisterMargaret
February 26, 1275 (Age 36 years)
Death of a sisterBeatrice
March 24, 1275 (Age 36 years)
Birth of a daughter
#10
Margaret
September 11, 1275 (Age 36 years)
Birth of a daughter
#11
Berengaria
1276 (Age 37 years)
Birth of a daughter
#12
Mary
March 11, 1278 (Age 39 years)
Death of a daughterJoan Plantagenet
1278 (Age 39 years)

Birth of a daughter
#13
Alice
March 12, 1279 (Age 40 years)
Birth of a daughter
#14
Isabella
March 12, 1279 (Age 40 years)

Death of a daughterBerengaria
about 1279 (Age 40 years)

Death of a daughterIsabella
1279 (Age 40 years)

Marriage of a childThomas De BrothertonAlice HalysView this family
1281 (Age 42 years)

Birth of a daughter
#15
Elizabeth De Bohem
August 1282 (Age 43 years)
Birth of a son
#16
Edward II
1284 (Age 45 years)
Death of a sonAlfonso
August 19, 1284 (Age 45 years)
Birth of a daughter
#17
Beatrice
about 1286 (Age 47 years)
Birth of a daughter
#18
Blanche
1290 (Age 51 years)

Marriage of a childGilbert De Clare, Earl Of GloucesterJoan Plantagenet, Countess Of GlochesterView this family
April 30, 1290 (Age 51 years)
Marriage of a childJohn_ii Margaret View this family
July 8, 1290 (Age 51 years)
Marriage of a childJohn II The Peaceful Of Brabant Margaret View this family
July 8, 1290 (Age 51 years)
Marriage of a childAlfonso III The Liberal Of Aragón Eleanor View this family
August 15, 1290 (Age 51 years)
Death of a wifeEleanor Of Castile
November 24, 1290 (Age 51 years)
Death of a daughterBlanche
1290 (Age 51 years)

Death of a daughterAlice
1291 (Age 52 years)

Death of a motherEleanor De Berenger
1291 (Age 52 years)
Marriage of a childHenry III Of Bar Eleanor View this family
September 20, 1293 (Age 54 years)
Death of a brotherEdmund Crouchback Of_leicester Crouchback
June 5, 1296 (Age 57 years)
Shared note: Death Surety:2
Marriage of a childRalph De_monthermer Joan Plantagenet, Countess Of GlochesterView this family
January 1297 (Age 58 years)

Marriage of a childRalph De MonthermerJoan Plantagenet, Countess Of GlochesterView this family
January 1297 (Age 58 years)

Marriage of a childJohn_i Elizabeth De BohemView this family
January 18, 1297 (Age 58 years)
Death of a daughterEleanor
October 12, 1297 (Age 58 years)
Marriage of a childHumphrey De FerrersElizabeth De BohemView this family
1298 (Age 59 years)

MarriageMarguarite Of France View this family
September 10, 1299 (Age 60 years)
Birth of a son
#19
Thomas Of_brotherton
June 1, 1300 (Age 61 years)
Birth of a son
#20
Thomas Of Brotherton Plantagenet
June 1, 1300 (Age 61 years)

Birth of a son
#21
Edmund Of Woodstock Earl Of Kent
August 5, 1301 (Age 62 years)
Birth of a son
#22
Edmund Of Woodstock Plantagenet
August 5, 1301 (Age 62 years)

Marriage of a childHumphrey De_bohun Elizabeth De BohemView this family
November 14, 1302 (Age 63 years)
Marriage of a childEdward II Isabella Of France FranceView this family
1302 (Age 63 years)
Birth of a daughter
#23
Eleanor
May 4, 1306 (Age 67 years)
Birth of a daughter
#24
Eleanor
May 4, 1306 (Age 67 years)

Death of a daughterJoan Plantagenet, Countess Of Glochester
April 23, 1307 (Age 68 years)
Burial of a daughterJoan Plantagenet, Countess Of Glochester
April 26, 1307 (Age 68 years)
Fact 1
Fact 1
yes

Note: See Note Page
Death 1307 (Age 68 years)
Shared note: Death Surety:2
Burial
Family with parents - View this family
father
mother
Marriage: 1223Canterbury, Cathedral
6 years
elder brother
13 years
younger sister
Margaret
Birth: September 29, 1240 33 23Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England
Death: February 26, 1275Cupar Castle, Fife
-9 months
himself
4 years
younger sister
3 years
younger brother
3 years
younger brother
4 years
younger brother
4 years
younger sister
Katherine
Birth: November 25, 1253 46 36Westminster
Death: May 3, 1257Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England
3 years
younger brother
1 year
younger brother
Family with Eleanor Of Castile - View this family
himself
wife
Marriage: October 1254Las Huelgas
10 years
daughter
-4 years
daughter
7 years
son
John
Birth: July 10, 1266 27 22Windsor, Berkshire, England
Death: August 3, 1271Westminster, London, England
1 year
son
Henry
Birth: July 13, 1267 28 23Windsor, Berkshire, England
Death: October 14, 1274Merton, Surrey
5 years
daughter
2 years
daughter
23 months
son
Alfonso
Birth: November 24, 1273 34 29Bordeaux
Death: August 19, 1284Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England
22 months
daughter
16 months
daughter
2 years
daughter
Mary
Birth: March 11, 1278 39 34Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England
Death: before July 8, 1332Amesbury
1 year
daughter
daughter
4 years
daughter
2 years
son
3 years
daughter
5 years
daughter
Family with Margaret Of France - View this family
himself
wife
Marriage: 1256Canterbury, Cathedral
5 years
son
son
son
14 months
son
5 years
daughter
Family with Marguarite Of France - View this family
himself
wife
Marriage: September 10, 1299Canterbury Cathedral
9 months
son
14 months
son
5 years
daughter
-40 years
son

  1. Generation 1
    1. Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet, son of Henry III Plantagenet and Eleanor De Berenger, was born in 1239 in Westminster (London), England and died in 1307 in Burgh By Sands, Scotland at the age of 68. He married 3 times. The first time he married Eleanor Of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand III Castile, in October 1254 in Las Huelgas. She was born in 1244 in Castile and died on November 24, 1290 in Herdeby, Near Grantham, Lincolnshire at the age of 46. The second time he married Margaret Of France , daughter of Philip III “The Bold” King Of France France and Isabelle Of Aragon Aragon, in 1256 in Canterbury, Cathedral. She was born in 1279 in Paris and died on February 14, 1317 in Marlborough, Castle at the age of 38. The third time he married Marguarite Of France , daughter of Philip III , on September 10, 1299 in Canterbury Cathedral.

      Children of Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet and Eleanor Of Castile:

      1. Eleanor (12641297)
      2. Joan Plantagenet (12601278)
      3. John (12661271)
      4. Henry (12671274)
      5. Julian (Katherine) (12711271)
      6. Joan Plantagenet, Countess Of Glochester (12721307)
      7. Alfonso (12731284)
      8. Margaret (12751318)
      9. Berengaria (12761279)
      10. Mary (12781332)
      11. Alice (12791291)
      12. Isabella (12791279)
      13. Elizabeth De Bohem (12821316)
      14. Edward II (12841327)
      15. Beatrice (1286)
      16. Blanche (12901290)

      Children of Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet and Margaret Of France :

      1. Thomas De Brotherton (12601309)
      2. Edmund Of Woodstock
      3. Thomas Of_brotherton (13001338)
      4. Edmund Of Woodstock Earl Of Kent (13011329)
      5. Eleanor (13061311)

      Children of Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet and Marguarite Of France :

      1. Thomas Of Brotherton Plantagenet (1300)
      2. Edmund Of Woodstock Plantagenet (1301)
      3. Eleanor (1306)
      4. John Botetourt (12651324)
  2. Generation 2back to top
    1. Eleanor , daughter of Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet and Eleanor Of Castile, was born on June 17, 1264 in Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England and died on October 12, 1297 in Ghent at the age of 33. She married 2 times. The first time she married Alfonso III The Liberal Of Aragón on August 15, 1290 in Westminster Abbey, London, England. The second time she married Henry III Of Bar on September 20, 1293 in Champagne, France.

    2. Joan Plantagenet, daughter of Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet and Eleanor Of Castile, was born in 1260 and died in 1278 at the age of 18. She married 2 times. The first time she married Ralph Earl Of Gloucester in 1271. He was born in 1242 and died in 1278 at the age of 36. The second time she married Gilbert De Clare.

      Children of Joan Plantagenet and Ralph Earl Of Gloucester :

      1. Thomas De Monthermer (12781332)

      Children of Joan Plantagenet and Gilbert De Clare:

      1. Eleanor De Clare
      2. Margaret De Clare
    3. Joan Plantagenet, Countess Of Glochester, daughter of Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet and Eleanor Of Castile, was born in 1272 in Acre, Palestine and died on April 23, 1307 in Clare, Suffolk, England at the age of 35. She married 3 times. The first time she married Gilbert De Clare, Earl Of Gloucester, son of Richard De Clare, Earl Of Gloucester and Maud De Lacy, Countess Of Gloucester, on April 30, 1290 in Westminster, Abbey, London, England. He was born in 1243 in Christchurch, Hants and died in 1295 in Monmouth Castle, Monmouthshire at the age of 52. The second time she married Ralph De_monthermer in January 1297. He died in 1305. The third time she married Ralph De Monthermer in January 1297. He was born in 1262 and died in 1325 at the age of 63.

      Children of Joan Plantagenet, Countess Of Glochester and Gilbert De Clare, Earl Of Gloucester:

      1. Elizabeth De Clare Baroness Of Damory (12951360)
      2. Gilbert De Clare (12911314)
      3. Eleanor De Clare (12921337)
      4. Margaret De Clare (12921342)

      Children of Joan Plantagenet, Countess Of Glochester and Ralph De Monthermer:

      1. Mary De Monthermer (12981371)
      2. Thomas De Monthermer (13011340)
      3. Edward De Monthermer (13041340)
      4. Joan De Monthermer (1299)
    4. Margaret , daughter of Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet and Eleanor Of Castile, was born on September 11, 1275 in Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England and died in 1318 in Brussels at the age of 42. She married 2 times. The first time she married John_ii on July 8, 1290 in Westminster, Abbey, London, England. The second time she married John II The Peaceful Of Brabant on July 8, 1290 in Westminster Abbey, London, England.

      Children of Margaret and John II The Peaceful Of Brabant :

      1. John III The Triumphant Of Brabant (1300)
    5. Elizabeth De Bohem, daughter of Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet and Eleanor Of Castile, was born in August 1282 in Rhuddlan Castle and died on May 5, 1316 in Quendon, Essex at the age of 33. She married 4 times. The first time she married John_i on January 18, 1297 in Ipswich. The second time she married Humphrey De Ferrers in 1298. He was born in 1267 and died on March 16, 1320 in Battle Of Borough Bridge at the age of 53. The third time she married Humphry De Bohun. The fourth time she married Humphrey De_bohun on November 14, 1302 in Westminster.

      Children of Elizabeth De Bohem and Humphrey De Ferrers:

      1. Agnes De Ferrers (13021323)

      Children of Elizabeth De Bohem and Humphry De Bohun:

      1. William De Bohun
    6. Edward II , son of Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet and Eleanor Of Castile, was born in 1284 in Caernarfon, Wales and died in September 1327 in Berkeley, England at the age of 43. He married 2 times. The first time he married Isabella Of France France, daughter of Philipe IV Of France and Jeanne De Champagne, in 1302 in Bolongne. She was born in 1284 in Paris and died in 1316 in Castle Rising, Norfolk, England at the age of 32. The second time he married Isabella De France, daughter of Philip IV The Friar Of France De France and Joan I Of Navarre , on January 25, 1308 in Boulogne Cathedral, France. She was born in 1292 in Paris, France and died on August 22, 1358 in Castle Rising, Norfolk, England at the age of 66.

      Children of Edward II and Isabella Of France France:

      1. Edward III Plantagenet (13121377)
      2. John Of_eltham (13161336)
      3. Eleanor (13181355)
      4. Joan Of_the_tower (13211362)
    7. Thomas De Brotherton, son of Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet and Margaret Of France , was born in 1260 and died in 1309 at the age of 49. He married Alice Halys, daughter of Robert Of Harwich Halys, in 1281. She was born in 1261 and died in 1309 at the age of 48.

      Children of Thomas De Brotherton and Alice Halys:

      1. Countess Margaret Plantagenet (13091358)
    8. Edmund Of Woodstock, earl of Kent, son of Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet and Margaret Of France . He married Margaret Wake.

      Children of Edmund Of Woodstock and Margaret Wake:

      1. Joan Plantagenet
    9. Thomas Of_brotherton , son of Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet and Margaret Of France , was born on June 1, 1300 in Brotherton, Yorkshire, England and died in August 1338 at the age of 38. He married 2 times. The first time he married Alice (Itayls) Hayles, daughter of Roger Of_harwich Hayles, about 1316. She died after May 8, 1326. The second time he married Mary De_ros , daughter of Piers De_braose , about 1328.

      Children of Thomas Of_brotherton and Alice (Itayls) Hayles:

      1. Edward
    10. Edmund Of Woodstock Earl Of Kent , son of Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet and Margaret Of France , was born on August 5, 1301 in Woodstock, England and died on March 19, 1329 in Winchester, England at the age of 27. He married Margaret Baroness Wake Wake, daughter of John , about December 25, 1325. She was born about 1299 and died on September 29, 1349.

      Children of Edmund Of Woodstock Earl Of Kent and Margaret Baroness Wake Wake:

      1. Joan Countess Of Kent (13281385)
    11. John Botetourt, son of Edward I “Longshanks” Plantagenet and Marguarite Of France , was born about 1265 and died in 1324. He married Matilda Fitzoates, daughter of Private,.

  3. Generation 3back to top
    1. Thomas De Monthermer, son of Ralph Earl Of Gloucester and Joan Plantagenet, was born in 1278 and died in 1332 at the age of 54.

      Children of Thomas De Monthermer:

      1. Margaret De Monthermer (13291394)
    2. Eleanor De Clare, daughter of Gilbert De Clare and Joan Plantagenet. She married Hugh Le Despencer.

      Children of Eleanor De Clare and Hugh Le Despencer:

      1. Isabel Le Despencer
      2. Edward Le Despencer
    3. Margaret De Clare, daughter of Gilbert De Clare and Joan Plantagenet. She married Piers De Gaveston.

      Children of Margaret De Clare and Piers De Gaveston:

      1. Amy De Gaveston
    4. Elizabeth De Clare Baroness Of Damory, daughter of Gilbert De Clare, Earl Of Gloucester and Joan Plantagenet, Countess Of Glochester, was born on September 16, 1295 in Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, England and died on November 4, 1360 at the age of 65. She married 4 times. The first time she married Roger D'amory about 1325 in Clare Hall, Cambridgeshire, England. He was born about 1290 in Knaresborough, Yorkshire, England and died on March 13, 1321 in Tutbury Castle, Staffs. The second time she married John De Burgh, son of Richard De Burgh and Margaret De Burgh, on September 13, 1308 in Waltham Abbey, Essex. He died on June 18, 1313 in Galway. The third time she married Ralph De La Roche. The fourth time she married Theobald De Verdon on February 4, 1315 in Near Bristol. He was born on September 8, 1278 and died on July 27, 1316 in Alton at the age of 37.

      Children of Elizabeth De Clare Baroness Of Damory and Roger D'amory:

      1. Elizabeth D'amory (1318)
      2. Elizabeth D' Amorie (13181360)

      Children of Elizabeth De Clare Baroness Of Damory and John De Burgh:

      1. William De Burgh (1312)

      Children of Elizabeth De Clare Baroness Of Damory and Ralph De La Roche:

      1. David De La Roche

      Children of Elizabeth De Clare Baroness Of Damory and Theobald De Verdon:

      1. Isabel De Verdon (1316)
    5. Gilbert De Clare, son of Gilbert De Clare, Earl Of Gloucester and Joan Plantagenet, Countess Of Glochester, was born on May 10, 1291 and died on June 24, 1314 in Bannockburn at the age of 23. He married Matilda De Burgh on September 29, 1308 in Waltham Abbey, Essex.

      Children of Gilbert De Clare and Matilda De Burgh:

      1. John De Clare (1312)
    6. Eleanor De Clare, daughter of Gilbert De Clare, Earl Of Gloucester and Joan Plantagenet, Countess Of Glochester, was born in October 1292 in Caerphilly Castle, Glamorgan and died on June 30, 1337 at the age of 44. She married Hugh The Younger Le Despenser in 1306 in Westminster Abbey, London, England.

    7. Agnes De Ferrers, daughter of Humphrey De Ferrers and Elizabeth De Bohem, was born in 1302 and died in 1323 at the age of 21. She married Robert De Ferrers, son of Robert De Ferrers, in 1317. He was born in 1291 and died in 1347 at the age of 56.

      Children of Agnes De Ferrers and Robert De Ferrers:

      1. John De Ferrers (13231367)
    8. William De Bohun, son of Humphry De Bohun and Elizabeth De Bohem. He married Elizabeth Badlesmere.

      Children of William De Bohun and Elizabeth Badlesmere:

      1. Elizabeth De Bohun
    9. Edward III Plantagenet, son of Edward II and Isabella Of France France, was born on November 13, 1312 in Windsor, Berkshire, England and died on June 21, 1377 in Sheen, Surrey, England at the age of 64. He married 2 times. The first time he married Philippa Of Hainault Holland, daughter of Willem III “The Good” Count Of Hainault Thorpe and Jeanne Of Valois , on January 24, 1327 in York, England. She was born about 1314 in Valenciennes and died on August 15, 1369 in Windsor, Berkshire, England. The second time he married Philippa Of Hainault.

      Children of Edward III Plantagenet and Philippa Of Hainault Holland:

      1. Edward “The Black Prince” Plantagenet (13301376)
      2. Edmund Plantagenet (13411402)
      3. Isabella (13321382)
      4. Richard Plantagenet (13321338)
      5. Joan (Joanna) (13351348)
      6. Lionel Plantagenet (13381363)
      7. William Of_hatfield (13371337)
      8. John Of Gaunt (13401398)
      9. Edmund Of Langley (13411402)
      10. Blanche (13421342)
      11. Mary (13441361)
      12. Margaret (13461361)
      13. William Of_windsor (13481348)
      14. Thomas Of_woodstock (13551396)

      Children of Edward III Plantagenet and Philippa Of Hainault:

      1. Lionel Plantagenet (13381363)
    10. Eleanor , daughter of Edward II and Isabella Of France France, was born on June 18, 1318 in Woodstock and died on April 22, 1355 in Deventer at the age of 36. She married Rainald_ii Of_gueldres in May 1332 in Ni Jmegen.

    11. Joan Of_the_tower , daughter of Edward II and Isabella Of France France, was born on July 5, 1321 in Tower Of London, London, England and died on September 7, 1362 in Hertford at the age of 41. She married David_ii Bruce, son of Robert Bruce and Elizabeth De_burgh , on July 17, 1328 in Berwick-On-Tweed. He was born in 1329 and died in 1371 at the age of 42.

    12. Countess Margaret Plantagenet, daughter of Thomas De Brotherton and Alice Halys, was born in 1309 and died in 1358 at the age of 49. She married John 3Rd Lord Segrave before 1353. He was born in 1301 and died in 1353 at the age of 52.

      Children of Countess Margaret Plantagenet and John 3Rd Lord Segrave:

      1. Elizabeth Segrave (13231378)
    13. Joan Plantagenet, daughter of Edmund Of Woodstock and Margaret Wake. She married Thomas Holand.

      Children of Joan Plantagenet and Thomas Holand:

      1. Thomas De Holland
    14. Edward , son of Thomas Of_brotherton and Alice (Itayls) Hayles.

    15. Joan Countess Of Kent , daughter of Edmund Of Woodstock Earl Of Kent and Margaret Baroness Wake Wake, was born on September 29, 1328 and died on August 8, 1385 in Wallingford, England at the age of 56. She married 3 times. The first time she married Thomas 1St Earl Of Kent De Holand, son of Robert Baron De Holand and Maud La Zouche La Zouche, about 1339. He was born in 1314 and died in December 1360 in Normandy at the age of 46. The second time she married Edward “The Black Prince” Plantagenet, son of Edward III Plantagenet and Philippa Of Hainault Holland, on October 10, 1361 in Windsor, England. He was born on June 15, 1330 in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England and died on June 8, 1376 in Westminster, Palace, London, England at the age of 45. The third time she married Thomas Holland.

      Children of Joan Countess Of Kent and Thomas 1St Earl Of Kent De Holand:

      1. Thomas De Holand (13501397)

      Children of Joan Countess Of Kent and Edward “The Black Prince” Plantagenet:

      1. Edward (13651372)
      2. Richard II (13671400)

      Children of Joan Countess Of Kent and Thomas Holland:

      1. Margaret Holland (1439)
Fact 1

See Note Page

Death

Death Surety:2

Shared note

Eric Delderfield: "Edward I was an authoritarian statesman, a lawyer and a soldier. In these different capacities he modernized many aspects of English life. When he died at the beginning of the fourteenth century, much in English government, society, and law had taken on a permanent form that in essentials was to survive the Hundred Years War and the Wars of the Roses. Paradoxically, given his autocratic temperament, Edward has been called the father to the 'Mother of all Parliaments'. To his 'Model Parliament' in 1295 he summoned representatives from amongst the nobility, the greater and lesser clergy, the knights of the shires, the burgesses of the cities - thereby bringing Lords and Commons together for the first time. The growing demands on the government for justice and general administration meant that by now the feudal revenues were inadequate; Edward needed money from the new merchant class, and to summon national Parliaments was the only way to get it. In this way parliament became the established method of conducting public business. The need for finance was also behind the conflict with both the Church and the barons over taxation. Even a revival of anti-Semitism was used as an excuse to expel the Jews in 1290 so that the Crown would benefit financially from forfeitures. Edward completed the judicial reforms begun by Henry II. The courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer were given separate staffs of judges and officials; and a Court of Equity, the Chancery Court, was set up to give redress where the other courts could provide no remedy. A whole series of Acts dealt with the position of the Church, the enforcement of public order, trade and the position of great landholders. 'Conservators of the Peace' were created, forerunners of the Justices of the Peace created by Edward III [our ancestor]. As usual, the drain on royal finances was caused largely by costly wars. Edward possessed the necessary martial skills, learnt during the conflicts of his father's reign and on crusade in Egypt and Syria in 1270-74. For five years Edward had to fight Philip the Fair after the French king had invaded Gascony. Edward's ambition to rule over an undivided nation was checked by the independence of Wales and Scotland. The sustained opposition of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd from 1277 to his death in 1282 made the conquest of Wales a lengthy campaign, but English administration and law was extended to the Principality through the Statute of Rhuddlan (1284). Edward began the construction of fourteen new castles to secure his gains. The king's eldest son was created Prince of Wales in 1301, a title since borne by all male heirs to the throne. Right until the day of his death Edward waged war unsuccessfully against the Scots, led first by Sir William Wallace and later by Robert Bruce. But the epitaph on his tomb at Westminster bears witness to the magnificence of his failure in Scotland: 'Here lies Edward the Hammer of the Scots'."

Facts about this person:

Record Change December 06, 1999

Burial 1307 Westminster (London), England